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The crown is the apex or highest point in an arch.
Cavity walls reduce heat transfer, improving building insulation.
It defines how much load soil can safely bear without failure.
Foundation safely transfers the building load to the soil.
Strap beams connect multiple footings to distribute load evenly.
End-bearing piles transfer loads directly to the rock or hard layer beneath.
Hybrid foundations combine both soil-supported and pile-supported systems.
These piles rely on skin friction with surrounding soil to carry load.
Batter piles provide lateral support by being driven at a slope.
Sheet piles are interlocked panels used to retain soil or water during excavation.