The cardiovascular system circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The respiratory system enables the body to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. During exercise, these systems work together to support the muscles, and regular physical activity can improve their efficiency.
The cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body, including working muscles. It also helps carry away waste products. It is made up of the heart and blood vessels.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system enables the body to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Air moves in through the airways to the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.
How the two systems work together during exercise
During exercise, muscles need more oxygen and nutrients, so the heart beats faster and breathing becomes deeper and quicker. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to meet this extra demand.
Regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular endurance and breathing efficiency. In practical terms, a client who trains regularly may find everyday activities, such as climbing stairs, easier over time.
Applying this in sessions
- Begin with a warm-up so that the heart rate and breathing rise gradually.
- Encourage steady breathing during exercises rather than holding the breath.
- Allow suitable rest periods so that breathing and heart rate can settle.
- Watch for unusual breathlessness, dizziness or discomfort and stop if you are concerned.
- Use a cool-down so that exercise intensity reduces gradually.
Talking to clients about cardio fitness
Explain to clients that feeling out of breath at the start of a programme is normal as the body adapts, but that they should never feel unwell. Encourage them to tell you immediately if something feels wrong.
