Human movement is commonly described using three anatomical planes. These planes help trainers analyse movement and design balanced exercise programmes. Once you can think in planes, you can quickly see which movements a client is practising and which they may be missing.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections. Movements in this plane are generally forward and backward. Examples include squats and bicep curls.
Frontal plane
The frontal plane divides the body into front and back sections. Sideways movements, moving the body or limbs away from or towards the midline, take place here. Examples include jumping jacks and lateral raises.
Transverse plane
The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower sections. Rotational movements take place in this plane. An example is trunk rotation.
Summary table in words
- Sagittal plane: divides left and right; examples are squats and bicep curls.
- Frontal plane: divides front and back; examples are jumping jacks and lateral raises.
- Transverse plane: divides upper and lower; example is trunk rotation.
Why planes matter for programme design
Understanding these planes helps trainers analyse movement and design balanced exercise programmes. Many everyday activities combine movement in more than one plane. A programme that trains only one plane can leave gaps in strength and control.
When reviewing a client’s plan, ask yourself: do the exercises include forward and backward movements, sideways movements and rotational movements, where suitable for the client’s level?
