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The Sikh Empire, also known as the Punjab Empire, was an Indian subcontinent kingdom founded under the leadership of Ranjit Singh, who established an empire centered in Punjab. Ranjit Singh began a process of unification in 1799, with the goal of establishing an empire in the first part of the nineteenth century. He used an army that was raised and trained in a similar manner to the East India Company’s army. In establishing his political rule, he relied heavily on the time-honored suzerain-vassal polity. He resurrected prosperity in the Punjab by paying close attention to revenue management and trade in his vast domains. He linked the new empire to all key groups of the population by extending governmental patronage to them. Hindus and Muslims became a significant part of the ruling class as well.
The Sikhs were the majority in the governing class, and they received the most jgrs from Ranjit Singh and his successors. The Sikhs obtained a significantly higher share of governmental patronage in the form of revenue-free land than Hindus and Muslims, but not at their expense. The state currently diverts more cash to religious grantees than it did during the Mughal era. In reality, Ranjit Singh was merely extending the pattern established by Akbar and later expanded by the early Sikh monarchs. Some members of the ruling elite supported art and literature, and a few took a personal interest in traditional education.
Sikh Empire Army
- The Sikh Army, also known as the Khalsa or Sikh Khalsa Army, was the Khalsa’s military force, founded by Guru Hargobind in 1598. Until the time of Guru Gobind Singh, it was a cavalry force.
- The army was upgraded on Franco-British ideas beginning with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Fauj-i-Khas (elites), Fauj-i-Ain (regular force), and Fauj-i-Be Qawaid were its three wings (irregulars).
- It gradually became a renowned combat force in Asia as a result of the Maharaja’s lifelong efforts and those of his European officers.
- Ranjit Singh altered and enhanced his army’s training and organization. In unit deployment, manoeuvre, and marksmanship, he reorganized responsibility and established performance requirements in logistical efficiency.
- Ranjit Singh reorganized the army’s staffing to prioritize steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla combat, and he modernized the military’s equipment and tactics.
- Ranjit Singh’s military system combines the best of both old and innovative ideas.
- Ranjit Singh bolstered the infantry and artillery forces. Instead of the Mughal system of funding an army with local feudal levies, he paid the men of the standing army from the treasury.
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Battles of Punjab Involving the Sikh Empire
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Battle of Rohilla (1621)
Battle of Kartarpur (1635)
Battle of Amritsar (1634)
Battle of Lahira (1634)
Battle of Bhangani (1688)
Battle of Nadaun (1691)
Battle of Guler (1696)
Battle of Basoli (1702)
Battle of Anandpur (1700)
Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
Battle of Anandpur (1701)
First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)
First Battle of Anandpur (1704)
Second Battle of Anandpur (1704)
Battle of Sarsa (1704)
Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)
Battle of Muktsar(1705)
Battle of Sonepat (1709)
Battle of Ambala
Battle of Kapuri (1709)
Battle of Samana (1709)
Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710)
Battle of Sadhaura (1710)
Battle of Rahon (1710)
Battle of Lohgarh (1710)
Battle of Jalalabad (1710)
Battle of Jammu (1712)
Siege of Gurdaspur or Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715)
Attack on Nadir Shah (1739)
Killing Massa Ranghar
Killing Jaspat Rai
Siege of Amritsar (1748)
Killing Salabat Khan
Siege of Ram Rauni
Battle of Amritsar (1757)
Battle of Lahore (1759)
Battle of Sialkot (1761)
Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
Sikh Occupation of Lahore (1761)
Vadda Ghalughara or Battle of Kup
Battle of Harnaulgarh (1762)
Skirmish of Amritsar (1762)
Battle of Sialkot (1763)
Battle of Sirhind (1764)
Capture of Delhi and Red Fort (1783)
Battle of Amritsar (1797)
Battle of Gujrat (1797)
Battle of Amritsar (1798)
Battle of Kasur
Battle of Jammu (1808)
Gurkha-Sikh War (1809)
Battle of Attock (1813)
Battle of Multan (1818)
Battle of Shopian (1819)
Battle of Balakot (1831)
Battle of Peshawar (1834)
Battle of Jamrud (1837)
Sino-Sikh War (1841-1842)
Battle of Mudki (1845)
Battle of Ferozeshah (1845)
Battle of Baddowal (1846)
Battle of Aliwal (1846)
Battle of Sobraon (1846)
Battle of Chillianwala (1849)
Battle of Ramnagar (1848)
Siege of Multan (1848-1849)
Battle of Gujrat (1849)
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Sikh Mughul Wars
Throughout 1628 and 1715, the Mughal Empire and the Sikhs fought a series of increasing wars. Sikh intervention in Mughal dynastic disputes, Mughal persecution of Sikhs following Emperor Akbar’s initial welcome, and Sikh secession and claims to worldly dominion by the Sikh gurus are among the factors. Amidst intermittent successes and Mughal chroniclers praising Sikh resistance, Guru Tegh Bahadur was arrested and executed in 1675, the Mughals captured the Sikh stronghold of Anandpur in 1704 after two sieges, and Guru Gobind Singh was assassinated in 1708 on orders of the Mughal governor of Sirhind. Wazir Khan is a city in Pakistan. Banda Singh Bahadur, Gobind Singh’s successor as Sikh military commander, attacked Sirhind in 1710, executed Wazir Khan (Sirhind), and established First Sikh sovereignty in Punjab. Despite a resurgence of Sikh dominance following Bahadur Shah’s death and a Mughal succession dispute, the Sikhs were forced back into the Himalayas, and the Mughals seized the Sikh stronghold Gurdas Nangal near Gurdaspur in 1715 after an eight-month siege. More than 700 Sikhs, including Banda Singh Bahadur, were kidnapped and tortured to death.
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