Stock Market Crash

A quick and unexpected drop in stock prices is referred to as a stock market crash. A significant calamity, a financial crisis, or the deflation of a long-term speculative bubble can all lead to a stock market decline. Another important factor is the public’s irrational anxiety following a stock market decline, which can lead to panic selling and more price declines. Although there isn’t a set criterion, a stock market collapse is often thought of as a quick, double-digit percentage loss in an index of stocks over a few days. Economical effects of stock market crashes might be significant.

Although there is no accepted definition of a market crash, the word is typically used to refer to a precipitous decrease in the stock market index over one or more days. Crashing stock markets have a significant impact on both the economy and investor behavior. Fundamentally, a nation’s stock market determines the health of its broader economy. When investors want to invest, the stock market movement of that nation becomes their primary concern. When they sell shares after a sharp decline in market value after having bought numerous shares before a market crash, investors are most likely to lose money in the case of a stock market crash. As a result, stock market investors suffer substantial losses in their portfolios during a market meltdown.

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Causes of a Stock Market Crash

Speculation:

Excessive speculation has been a contributing factor in several market failures. A general stock market speculative bubble led to the 1929 Crash. During a period of excessive investment in dot-com enterprises, the early 2000s tech stock crisis occurred. Additionally, real estate investor speculation may have contributed to the 2008 crisis (and banks enabling the practice).

Excessive leverage

Leverage, also referred to as “borrowed money,” may seem like a useful tool when things are going well. For instance, if a stock costs $5,000 and increases by 20%, the buyer will make $1,000. He would gain 2,000, double the returns, if he took out an additional 5,000 in debt to buy 10,000 worth of the same stock.

On the other side, when things are going against it, leverage may be highly dangerous. Consider a 50% loss on a similar investment of 5,000 shares. It would hurt, but there are still 2,500. If one takes out a second loan for $5,000, a 50% drop would have destroyed him. Excessive debt may result in a downward equity spiral when things go wrong. Prices decrease as a result of firms and investors with high debt levels being forced to sell as a result of falling prices.

Rates of Inflation:

Economically, higher interest rates signify more expensive borrowing, which tends to slow down economic activity and lead to a decline in stock prices. As a result, if the 30-year mortgage rate increases to, say, 6%, it may dramatically slow down the housing market and lower the value of equities owned by homebuilders.

Political Environment:

Markets like stability, but wars and political risk are the polar opposite. When there is uncertainty in the surrounding the next moves the investors are spooked.

Tax Changes:

Subtract the share of nominal income that results from inflation from the tax base. Using this method, the real taxable income decreases but the nominal taxable income stays the same. It will therefore make up for the effects of inflation.

These may be just a few of the many important causes, but most of the time, there are several contributing factors at play.

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Interaction of Bull Market, Bear Market, and Stock Market Bubble

When an economy is overheated, inflation is on the rise, market speculation is rife, and there is a great deal of uncertainty about the direction of the economy, the stock market often collapses. Because of these factors, stock market declines usually start off slowly and turn disastrous as investors look for a quick way out or to stop. Due to the strong interaction between the bull market, bear market, and stock market bubble, it may tumble in unfavorable ways.

Bull Market: 

It takes place when demand outpaces supply, investors are bullish on the market and the economy, and share prices are on the rise. It might last for two to nine years. A significant market event is all that is necessary to start a confidence crisis and draw more sellers to the market.

Bear Market:

It frequently changes after a stock market collapse. In this scenario, investors start to lose hope and start selling their shares, which lowers prices as supply overtakes demand. When the value of the stock market drops by 20% over the course of 52 weeks, it is referred to as a bear market. It often only lasts four years or less.

Stock Market Bubble:

It inflates and explodes when investors adopt a herd mentality and buy stocks in large groups, resulting in inflated and unreasonably high market values.

Effects of the Crash:

A bear market, which happens when the market declines by 10% or more following a correction for a loss of at least 20%, might arise from a stock market crash. A recession could result from a stock market decline. If stock prices drop significantly, firms won’t be able to expand as much, which will lead to bankruptcy. A fall in demand gradually produces less income, which results in additional layoffs. As a result, the economy eventually collapses, creating a recession.

Examples of Market Crash India

2016

The year 2015–16 was challenging for international stock markets. India’s Sensex index keeps falling. By February 2016, it had dropped by almost 26% in only a little over a year. This was primarily caused by the high percentage of non-performing assets (NPAs) held by Indian banks and the general global economic crisis. In November 2016, when the government launched its Demonetization campaign to combat black money, people were feverishly selling, which caused the Sensex to fall by 6%. Losses in other Asian markets also took place at the same time as this.

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