Python Django Model Fields (The Complete Guide)

A Django model is the way that Django knows how to construct, we could say tables in SQL world with her fields and a lot of constraints. In simplest terms, Django Models is the SQL Database which one uses with django It is that SQL (Structured Query Language) which has many complex and different queries for working with a database such as create, delete, update or anything else. It organize tables into models so that in future its easy to our day-to-day task and Django model make it really simple.

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Introduction

Syntax

If one must have an app running in order to create Python Django Models in their project. Then the application is started, models can be created along the app/models.py. Before we start using the model, let’s see how to start a project and then run an app called entry.py.

from django.db import models
        
class ModelName(models.Model):
        field_name = models.Field(**options)

Understanding Django Models

What are Django Models?

Django models are a fundamental part of the Django web framework, and providing an abstraction layer that will simplifies all the database interactions. Also a Django model is a Python class that will represents a database table, with each attribute of the class corresponding to a column in that table itself. This will allows developers to define the structure of their application’s data using the Python code rather than writing the raw SQL queries.

Django models can describe relationships between tables like one to many, Many-to-many and One-to-one as well. The combination of ForeignKey, ManyToManyField and OneToOneField does this by defining the appropriate database constraints as well as relationships. These are implemented in the Django models as methods for creating, retrieving and updating records (one method to rule them all).

• Models: In Django, a model is a class that represents a database table. This includes fields (corresponding to columns in a table) and methods for interacting with the data.
• ORM (Object-Relational Mapping): Django’s ORM is an abstraction layer that allows developers to interact with the database using Python code instead of writing crude SQL queries. The Django’s ORM will handles the translation between the database schema and the Python code. It will makes easier to manage all the data.

Key Characteristics of Django Models

1. Object-Relational Mapping (ORM):

The Django’s ORM handles the translation between the database schema and the Python code. This means the developers can interact with the database using the Python objects and the methods, which will simplifies the database operations and it makes the code more readable and acceptble.

2. Field Types:

The Django models will support the various field types to represent different kinds of data. Examples includes CharField for the short text, TextField for the large text, IntegerField for the integers, DateField for the dates, and many more. Each field type can be customized with the options like max_length, null, blank, default, and the uniquecodes.

3. Relationships:

Django models can be define relationships between the tables using the fields such as ForeignKey, ManyToManyField, and the OneToOneField. These fields will establish the one-to-many, many-to-many, and one-to-one relationships respectively. And it will be enabling the representation of complex data relationships in a simple and automatic manner.

4. Methods:

Models can be include the custom methods to define the unique behaviors or the calculations related to the data. These can be instance methods that will operate on individual records or the class methods that will perform operations on the entire dataset.

5. Meta Options:

The Django models come with a Meta class that will allows developers to configure additional options, such as the ordering, database table names, and the unique constraints.

6. Migration System:

Django’s migration system will manages changes to the database methods over the time. It will tracks changes to the models and then generates the migration files that will describe all these changes. The developers can then apply these migrations to the database and to keep it in sync with their models.

Benefits of Using Django Models:

• Ease of Use: The Django models will provide an inbuilt and Pythonic way to interact with the database and reducing the need for raw SQL.
• Maintainability: Also using the Django models will promotes clean, organized code that is very easy to maintain and understand.
• Scalability: The Django’s ORM and models are designed to be handle with the complex data relationships and large datasets. Also it makes them suitable for both the small and large applications.
• Security: The Django models include built-in mechanisms to protect against the common exposures such as the SQL injection.

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Python Django Model Fields

Models in Django are used to specify the data structure of your application. Every model attribute reflects a column in the corresponding database table, and every model correlates to a particular table. Django provides a variety of different types of fields that are used to handle different types of data. Here is a detailed guide to the different model fields in Django:

1. AutoField

• Autofield is an integer field that automatically increments. It is used for the primary key by default.
• Usage:
  id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)


2. BigAutoField

• The BigAutofield is a 64-bit integer, similar to the Autofield, but it is used for the larger numbers.
• Usage:
  id = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)


3. BigIntegerField

• The BigIntegerField is a 64-bit integer field, used for storing the large integers.
• Usage:
  big_number = models.BigIntegerField()


4. BinaryField

• The Binaryfield is a field, and used for storing the raw binary data.
• Usage:
  binary_data = models.BinaryField()


5. BooleanField

• The Booleanfield is a true/ false field.
• Usage:
  is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)


6. CharField

• The Charfield is a field, and used for storing the strings of up to a specified length.
• Usage:
  name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


7. DateField

• The Datefield is a field that will stores the date values.
• Usage:
  birth_date = models.DateField()


8. DateTimeField

• Datetimefield is a field, and it is used for storing the date and time values.
• Usage:
  created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)


9. DecimalField

• The Decimalfield is a field, and it is used for storing the decimal numbers with the fixed precision.
• Usage:
  price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)


10. DurationField

• Durationfield is a field, that will be used for storing the periods of time.
• Usage:
  duration = models.DurationField()


11. EmailField

• Emailfield is a field and it is used for storing email addresses.
• Usage:
  email = models.EmailField(max_length=254)


12. FileField

• Filefield is a file-upload field.
• Usage:
  file = models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/')


13. ImageField

• Imagefield is a field used for storing the image files.
• Usage:
  image = models.ImageField(upload_to='images/')


14. IntegerField

• Integerfield is a field used for storing the integer values.
• Usage:
  age = models.IntegerField()


15. PositiveIntegerField

• Positiveintegerfield is a field used for storing the positive integer values.
• Usage:
  positive_number = models.PositiveIntegerField()


16. FloatField

• Floatfield is a field used for storing the floating-point numbers.
• Usage:
  rating = models.FloatField()


17. ForeignKey

• Foriegnfield is a field used for creating a many-to-one relationship with the another model.
• Usage:
  author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)


18. ManyToManyField

• Manytomanyfield is a field used for creating a many-to-many relationship.
• Usage:
  categories = models.ManyToManyField(Category)


19. OneToOneField

• Onetoonefield is a field used for creating an one-to-one relationship.
• Usage:
  profile = models.OneToOneField(Profile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)


20. JSONField

• JSONfield is a field used for storing the JSON-encoded data.
• Usage:
  metadata = models.JSONField()


21. SlugField

• Slugfield is a field used for storing the URL-friendly strings.
• Usage:
  slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)


22. TextField

• Textfield is a large text field used for storing the long strings.
• Usage:
  description = models.TextField()


23. TimeField

• A timefield is a field used for storing the time values.
• Usage:
  opening_time = models.TimeField()


24. URLField

• URLfield is a field used for storing the URLs.
• Usage:
  website = models.URLField(max_length=200)


25. UUIDField

• UUIDfield is a field used for storing the universally unique identifiers, that is (UUIDs).
• Usage:
  identifier = models.UUIDField(default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False, unique=True)

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