• Teaching
    • Montessori Teacher Training 🔥
    • Yoga Teacher Training
  • Coding
    • Full Stack Development Course
    • Data Science Course
    • Python Programming Course
    • Software Testing Course
    • Architecting on AWS
  • Commerce
    • PwC Edge : Strategic Accounting and Finance Programme
    • ACCA Course
    • SAP Fico Course
    • Practical Accounting Course
    • SAP MM Course
    • HR Management Course in Kerala
  • Technical
    • Structural Design Course
    • Embedded Systems Software Engineering in Kerala
    • MEP Course
    • MEP QS Course
    • BIM Training Course
    • Quantity Survey Course
  • Finacademy
    • Forex Trading Course
    • Stock Market Course
    • Mutual Funds Course in Kerala
  • Digital Marketing
    • Digital Marketing Course
    • Performance Marketing Course
  • Language Learning
    • Spoken English Course
    • German Language Course
    • IELTS Exam Coaching
  • Exam Preparation
    • Kerala PSC Coaching
    • Kerala PSC LGS Coaching
    • KAS Coaching
    • Kerala PSC LDC Coaching
    • Kerala PSC LSGS Coaching
    • KPSC Industries Extension Officer Coaching
    • KPSC Technical Mechanical Coaching
    • KPSC Technical Electrical Coaching
    • Kerala PSC Technical Exam Preparation
    • KPSC Technical Civil Coaching
    • SBI PO Coaching
    • IBPS Clerk Coaching
    • IBPS PO Coaching
    • IBPS SO Coaching
    • Bank Exam Coaching
    • Lecturer in DIET Course
    • Kpsc HSA Coaching
    • KPSC LP UP Assistant Coaching
    • EMRS Coaching
    • KTET Coaching
    • SSC Coaching
    • SSC JE Coaching
    • SSC CGL Coaching
    • SSC CHSL Coaching
    • SSC MTS Coaching
    • UPSC Coaching
  • Health Care
    • DHA Course
    • OET Coaching
  • Other Exams
    • GATE Coaching
    • CAT Coaching
    • MAT Online Coaching
    • KMAT Online Coaching
Entri Blog
No Result
View All Result
Sunday, July 20, 2025
  • Kerala PSC
    • Kerala PSC General
      • Kerala PSC Exams
      • KAS Exam
      • Kerala PSC VEO Notification
      • Kerala Police SI
      • Kerala PSC LDC Notification
      • Kerala PSC Village Field Assistant Notification
      • Kerala PSC LD Typist Notification
      • Kerala PSC Food Safety Officer
      • Kerala PSC Excise Inspector Notification
      • Kerala PSC BDO Notification
      • Kerala PSC CPO Notification
      • Kerala PSC LGS Notification
      • Fire and Rescue Officer
      • Women Fire and Rescue Officer
    • Kerala PSC Teaching
      • Kerala PSC HSA
      • Kerala PSC HSST
      • KTET
      • LP/UP Assistant
      • KVS
      • Railway Teacher
    • Kerala PSC Technical
      • LSGD AE
      • Draftsman/Overseer
      • IEO
      • ATP
      • Polytechnic Lecturer
      • AE Electronics
      • Assistant Engineer
  • Banking
    • IBPS PO Notification
    • IBPS Clerk Notification
    • SBI PO Notification
    • SBI Clerk Notification
    • SBI SO Notification
    • SBI Apprentice Notification
    • Canara Bank PO Notification
    • Indian Bank PO Notification
    • RBI Assistant Notification
    • RBI Office Attendant Notification
    • IBPS RRB Notification
    • IBPS RRB Office Assistant Notification
  • Skilling
    • Coding
    • Spoken English
    • Stock Market
      • Share Market Today News
      • Share Market Analysis
    • Digital Marketing
    • Accounting Course
    • SAP
    • OET
    • German
    • IELTS
    • Quantity Survey
    • MEP
    • Structural Design
    • Montessori
    • Yoga Teaching
    • Oil and Gas
  • Courses
    • Data Science Course
      • Data Science Malayalam
      • Data Science Course in Tamil
      • Data Science Course in Telugu
      • Data Science Training in Kochi
      • Data Science Training in Trivandrum
      • Data Science Course in Calicut
      • Data Science Training in Thrissur
    • Data Analytics Course
      • Data Analytics Course in Malayalam
      • Data Analytics Course in Tamil
      • Data Analytics Course in Telugu
    • BIM Course in Kerala
    • Quantity Surveying Course
      • Quantity Surveyor Course in Tamil
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Telugu
      • Quantity Surveyor Course in Hyderabad
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Chennai
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Vijayawada
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Guntur
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Warangal
      • Quantity Surveying Course in Karimnagar
    • Structural Design Course
      • Steel Structure Design Course
      • RCC Design Course
    • MEP Course
      • MEP Quantity Surveying Course
      • MEP Design Course in Kerala
      • HVAC Course
      • MEP Course in Kochi
    • Embedded System Course
    • Full Stack Developer Course
      • Full Stack Development Malayalam
      • Full Stack Development Hindi
      • Full Stack Development Tamil
      • Full Stack Development Telugu
      • Full Stack Development Kannada
    • Stock Market Course
      • Stock Market Course in Malayalam
      • Stock Market Course in Tamil
      • Stock Market Course in Kannada
      • Options Trading Course
    • Mutual Funds Course in Kerala
    • Mutual Funds Course in Tamil
    • Forex Trading Course
    • Spoken English Course
      • Spoken English Course in Malayalam
      • Spoken English Course in Hindi
      • Spoken English Course in Telugu
      • Spoken English Course in Tamil
      • Spoken English Course in Kannada
    • Python Programming Course
    • AI Powered Flutter
    • Ui Ux Designer Course
    • Software Testing Course
      • Software Testing Course in Malayalam
      • Software Testing Course in Tamil
      • Software Testing Course in Telugu
    • AWS Solutions Architect Associate Course
    • PwC Edge : Strategic Accounting and Finance Programme
    • Practical Accounting Course
      • Accounting Course in Malayalam
      • Accounting Course in Tamil
      • Tally Course
      • Taxation Course
      • UAE Accounting
      • GST Course
      • Zoho Books Training
      • GST Practitioner Course in Kerala
      • GCC VAT Course
    • ACCA Training Online
      • ACCA Course in Kerala
    • SAP Training Courses
      • SAP FICO Course
      • SAP MM Course
      • SAP SD Training
      • SAP FICO Course in Tamil
      • SAP MM Course in Tamil
    • HR Management Course
    • Performance Marketing Course
    • Mern Stack Developer Course
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Kochi
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Trivandrum
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Calicut
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Pune
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Bangalore
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Hyderabad
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Chennai
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Indore
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Jaipur
      • Full Stack Developer Course in Coimbatore
    • Digital Marketing Training
      • Digital Marketing Course in Kochi
      • Digital Marketing Course in Trivandrum
      • Digital Marketing Course in Calicut
      • Digital Marketing Course in Kollam
      • Digital Marketing Course in Thrissur
      • Digital Marketing Course in Kottayam
      • Digital Marketing Course in Kannur
    • Montessori Teacher Training
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Calicut
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Kochi, Ernakulam
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Trivandrum
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Kollam
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Malayalam
      • Montessori Teacher Training in Kannada
    • Other Courses
      • German Language Course
      • OET Coaching
        • OET for Pharmacist
        • OET for Nurses
      • DHA Course
      • MOH Exam Coaching
      • Nurses Recruitment Abroad
      • FMGE Coaching
      • ChatGPT Course
      • Forex Trading Course
      • Yoga Teacher Training Course
      • Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education
      • Business Administration & Hospital Management Course
      • Hospital and Healthcare Administration
      • AI for Teachers Course
  • Others
    • Railway
      • RRB Technician Notification
      • RRB JE Notification
      • RRB ALP Notification
      • RRB NTPC Notification
      • RRB RPF Notification
      • RRB RPF SI Notification
      • RRB RPF Constable Notification
      • RRB Group D Notification
      • RRB RPSF SI Notification
      • RRB SSE Notification
    • SSC
      • SSC CPO Notification
      • SSC MTS Notification
      • SSC CGL Notification
      • SSC CHSL Notification
      • SSC GD Constable Notification
      • SSC Stenographer Notification
      • SSC JE Notification
      • SSC CAPF Notification
      • SSC JHT Notification
      • Delhi Police Constable Notification
      • Delhi Police SI Notification
    • GATE
    • MAT
    • KMAT
      • KMAT Kerala 2024
    • TET
      • APTET
      • CTET
      • DSSSB
      • Karnataka TET
      • Kerala TET
        • KTET Notification
      • KVS
      • MPTET
      • SUPER TET
      • TNTET
      • TSTET
      • UPTET
    • UPSC
      • UPSC CAPF Notification
      • UPSC CDS Notification
      • UPSC NDA Notification
      • UPSC Civil service Notification
  • Free Learn
    • Free Courses
      • Free Coding Courses
        • C Langauge Courses
        • Free Data Science Courses
        • Free Python Programming Courses
        • Free Full Stack Developer Courses
      • Free Accounting Courses
      • Free Digital Marketing Courses
        • Free SEO Courses
        • Web Development for Marketers
      • Engineering Upskilling Courses
      • Free Hospital Administration Courses
      • Free OET Training
      • Free SAP Courses
      • Free German Courses
      • Free IELTS Courses
      • Free Teachers Training Courses
      • Free Trading Courses
        • Free Stock Market Courses in Malayalam
        • Free Options Trading Course Malayalam
        • Free Forex Trading Courses Malayalam
        • Free Personal Finance Courses Malayalam
    • Question Answer
    • Aptitude Questions
    • Webinars
  • Test Prep
    • Kerala PSC Coaching
      • KPSC Degree Level Exam Preparation
      • Kerala PSC 12th Level Exam Preparation
      • Kerala PSC 10th Level Exam Preparation
      • KAS Coaching
      • Kerala PSC LDC Coaching
      • Kerala PSC LD Typist Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Fireman Coaching
      • KSFE Assistant Exam Preparation
      • Secretariat Office Attendant Coaching
      • Secretariat Assistant Coaching
      • Kerala PSC SI Exam Coaching
      • Khadi Board LDC Exam Preparation
      • Devaswom Board LDC Coaching
      • University LGS Exam Preparation
      • University Assistant Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Scientific Officer Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Probation Officer Grade II
      • KPSC Food Safety Officer Coaching
      • KWA Sanitary Chemist Coaching
      • KPSC Diary Farm Instructor Exam Coaching
      • Kerala PSC KWA Lab Assistant Exam Coaching
      • Kerala PSC ICDS Supervisor Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Finger Print Searcher Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Welfare Officer Gr. II Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Assistant Dental Surgeon Coaching
    • KPSC Teaching Exams
      • HSA Exam Preparation
      • KPSC HSA Social Science Coaching
      • KPSC HSA Physical Science Coaching
      • KPSC HSA English Coaching
      • KPSC Junior Language Teacher Hindi
      • KTET Coaching
      • SET Coaching
      • LP/UP Assistant Exam Coaching
      • HSST Exam Preparation
      • HSST Commerce Exam Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Lecturer in Diet Coaching
      • KVS PGT/TGT Coaching
    • Kerala PSC Technical Exams Coaching
      • Assistant Engineer Electrical Exam Coaching
      • Assistant Engineer Electronics Coaching
      • Assistant Engineer Mechanical Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Industries Extension Officer Coaching
      • KPSC LSGD AE Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Civil Engineering Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Mechanical Engineering Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Electrical Engineering Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Electronics Engineering Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Technical Computer Science Coaching
      • KPSC Tradesman Turning Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Overseer Exam Coaching
      • KPSC Assistant Town Planner Coaching
      • Lecturer in Polytechnic Electronics Coaching
    • Teaching Exams Coaching
      • CSIR NET Exam Coaching
      • EMRS Coaching
      • CTET Exam Online Coaching
    • IELTS Training Online
    • Bank Exam Coaching Online
      • SEBI Grade A Coaching
      • IBPS SO Online Coaching
      • IBPSC PO Online Coaching
      • IBPSC Clerk Online Coaching
      • SBI PO Coaching
      • SBI Clerk Online Coaching
      • SBI Apprentice Class
      • SBI SO Online Coaching
      • RBI Grade B Coaching
      • RBI Assistant Coaching
      • CSEB Exam Coaching
      • IBPS RRB Coaching
      • IBPS RRB PO Coaching
      • Canara Bank Po Exam Coaching
      • Kerala Gramin Bank Coaching
      • Kerala Bank Exam Coaching
        • Kerala Bank Clerk Exam Coaching
        • Kerala Bank Office Attendant Exam Coaching
        • Kerala Bank Assistant Manager Exam Coaching
      • JCI Exam Coaching
      • NABARD Grade A Coaching
      • LIC AAO Coaching Online
    • UPSC Online Coaching
      • UPSC CAPF Online Coaching
    • SSC Online Coaching
      • SSC JE Online Coaching
      • SSC CGL Coaching
      • SSC CGL AAO Coaching
      • SSC CHSL Coaching
      • SSC CGL CBI Inspector Coaching
      • SSC MTS Coaching
      • SSC Stenographer Coaching
      • SSC GD Online Coaching
    • RRB Exams Coaching
      • RRB RPF Exam Coaching
      • RRB NTPC Exam Coaching
      • RRB JE Online Coaching
      • RRB JE Electronics Coaching
      • RRB ALP Exam Coaching
      • RRB Technician Exam Coaching
    • CAT Online Coaching
    • CMAT Online Coaching
    • XAT Exam Coaching
    • GATE Online Coaching
      • GATE CE Online Coaching
      • GATE ME Online Coaching
      • GATE EE Online Coaching
    • NMAT Exam Coaching
      • AAI ATC Jr Executive Coaching
    • Cochin Shipyard Executive Trainee Coaching
    • BEL Probationary Engineer Coaching
    • HPCL Junior Executive Coaching
Free Courses
Entri Blog
  • HTML Tutorial
  • DSA Tutorials
  • Tutorials in Hindi
    • HTML Tutorial for Beginners in Hindi
    • Python Tutorial for Beginners in Hindi
    • GIT and GITHUB Tutorial for Beginners in Hindi
  • Tutorials in Tamil
    • JavaScript Tutorial in Tamil
  • Tutorials in Telugu
    • HTML Tutorial For Beginners in Telugu
    • CSS Tutorial for Beginners in Telugu
    • Bootstrap Tutorial for Beginner in Telugu
  • Tutorials in Kannada
    • HTML Tutorial For Beginners in Kannada
entri exclusive offers entri exclusive offers
Home Articles

Introduction To Databases In Python- A Detailed Study

by Ayesha Surayya
April 27, 2023
in Articles, General Knowledge, Python Programming
Introduction To Databases In Python- A Detailed Study
Share on FacebookShare on WhatsAppShare on Telegram

Table of Contents

  • Databases in Python
  • Basics of Relational Databases
  • Applying Filtering, Ordering and Grouping to Queries
  • Advanced SQLAlchemy Queries
  • Creating and Manipulating your own Databases
  • Putting it all together

Python is one of the most popular programming language. Due to its simplified syntax, Programmers can develop a wide range of software applications, fast and easy. With Python, you can easily build Data Science and Machine Learning projects, as well as general purpose applications. When combined with the popular SQL Server Data Platform, it provides Software Developers and Data Scientists, with a powerful software development setup, that can be used for building just about anything.

“Ready to take your python skills to the next level? Sign up for a free demo today!”

Structured Query Language (SQL or “Sequel”) is the way we communicate with a relational database. It’s an intuitive and powerful language and mastering it is rapidly becoming a prerequisite for career paths outside of software development.

SQL has been one of the most common skill sets required by employers for software developers for years, according to research published by Indeed. That fact is not likely to change any time soon, as businesses have woken up to the reality that the data they capture, generate, and store has tremendous business value to improve performance and efficiency and uncover new paths for growth.

Python and Machine Learning Square

Databases in Python

Basics of Relational Databases

1: Which of the following data types is immutable in Python?

2: What does the len() function do in Python?

3: Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?

4: What will print(type([1, 2, 3])) output?

5: Which statement is correct about Python indentation?

    Fill out the form to see the results



    Ever wondered how much you really know? It's time to put your brain to the test!

    Introduction to Databases

    Relational model

    Tables, Columns, Rows, and Relationships are part of the relational model.

    Connecting to your database

    Database types:

    • SQLite
    • PostgreSQL
    • MySQL
    • MS SQL
    • Oracle

    Autoloading Tables from a database

    SQLAlchemy can be used to automatically load tables from a database using something called reflection. Reflection is the process of reading the database and building the metadata based on that information. It’s the opposite of creating a Table by hand and is very useful for working with existing databases.

    To perform reflection, you will first need to import and initialize a MetaData object. MetaData objects contain information about tables stored in a database. During reflection, the MetaData object will be populated with information about the reflected table automatically, so we only need to initialize it before reflecting by calling MetaData().

    You will also need to import the Table object from the SQLAlchemy package. Then, you use this Table object to read your table from the engine, autoload the columns, and populate the metadata. This can be done with a single call to Table(): using the Table object in this manner is a lot like passing arguments to a function. For example, to autoload the columns with the engine, you have to specify the keyword arguments autoload=True and autoload_with=engine to Table().

    Finally, to view information about the object you just created, you will use the repr() function. For any Python object, repr() returns a text representation of that object. For SQLAlchemy Table objects, it will return the information about that table contained in the metadata.

    “Experience the power of our web development course with a free demo – enroll now!”

    Viewing Table details

    Now you can learn more about the columns and structure of your table. It is important to get an understanding of your database by examining the column names. This can be done by using the .columns attribute and accessing the .keys() method. For example, census.columns.keys() would return a list of column names of the census table.

    Following this, we can use the metadata container to find out more details about the reflected table such as the columns and their types. For example, information about the table objects are stored in the metadata.tables dictionary, so you can get the metadata of your census table with metadata.tables[‘census’]. This is similar to your use of the repr() function on the census table.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table

    engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///census.sqlite’)

    metadata = MetaData()

    # Reflect the census table from the engine: census

    census = Table(‘census’, metadata, autoload=True, autoload_with=engine)

    # Print the column names

    print(census.columns.keys())

    # Print full metadata of census

    print(repr(metadata.tables[‘census’]))

    Introduction to SQL: raw SQL vs SQLAlchemy

    Selecting data from a Table: raw SQL

    We first need to establish a connection to it by using the .connect() method on the engine. This is because the create_engine() function that you have used before returns an instance of an engine, but it does not actually open a connection until an action is called that would require a connection, such as a query.

    Using what we just learned about SQL and applying the .execute() method on our connection, we can leverage a raw SQL query to query all the records in our census table. The object returned by the .execute() method is a ResultProxy. On this ResultProxy, we can then use the .fetchall() method to get our results – that is, the ResultSet.

    “Get hands-on with our python course – sign up for a free demo!”

    Selecting data from a Table with SQLAlchemy

     It’s now time to build your first select statement using SQLAlchemy. SQLAlchemy provides a nice “Pythonic” way of interacting with databases. When you used raw SQL in the last exercise, you queried the database directly. When using SQLAlchemy, you will go through a Table object instead, and SQLAlchemy will take case of translating your query to an appropriate SQL statement for you. So rather than dealing with the differences between specific dialects of traditional SQL such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, you can leverage the Pythonic framework of SQLAlchemy to streamline your workflow and more efficiently query your data. For this reason, it is worth learning even if you may already be familiar with traditional SQL.

    You will also fetch only a few records of the ResultProxy by using .fetchmany() with a size argument specifying the number of records to fetch.

    Handling a ResultSet

    • ResultProxy: The object returned by the .execute() It can be used in a variety of ways to get the data returned by the query.
    • ResultSet: The actual data asked for in the query when using a fetch method such as .fetchall()on a ResultProxy.

    This separation between the ResultSet and ResultProxy allows us to fetch as much or as little data as we desire.

    🚀 Start Coding Today! Enroll Now with Easy EMI Options. 💳✨

    Gain expertise in Django and open doors to lucrative opportunities in web development.

    Start Learning With EMI Payment Options

    Applying Filtering, Ordering and Grouping to Queries

    Filtering and targeting data

    Connecting to a PostgreSQL database

    There are three components to the connection string in this exercise: the dialect and driver (‘postgresql+psycopg2://’), followed by the username and password (‘username:password’), followed by the host and port (‘@postgresql.csrrinzqubik.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:1234/’), and finally, the database name (‘census’). You will have to pass this string as an argument to create_engine() in order to connect to the database.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Import create_engine function

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

     

    # Create an engine to the census database

    engine = create_engine(‘postgresql+psycopg2://username:password@postgresql.csrrinzqubik.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:1234/census’)

     

    # Use the .table_names() method on the engine to print the table names

    print(engine.table_names())

     

    # [‘census’, ‘state_fact’, ‘vrska’, ‘census1’, ‘data’, ‘data1′, ’employees3′, ‘users’, ’employees’, ’employees_2′]

    “Ready to take your python skills to the next level? Sign up for a free demo today!”

    In addition to standard Python comparators, we can also use methods such as in_() to create more powerful where() clauses. You can see a full list of expressions in the SQLAlchemy Documentation.

    Method in_(), when used on a column, allows us to include records where the value of a column is among a list of possible values. For example, where(census.columns.age.in_([20, 30, 40])) will return only records for people who are exactly 20, 30, or 40 years old.

    Along with in_, you can also use methods like and_,any_ to create more powerful where() clauses. You might have noticed that we did not use any of the fetch methods to retrieve a ResultSet like in the previous exercises. Indeed, if you are only interested in manipulating one record at a time, you can iterate over the ResultProxy directly!

     

    SQLAlchemy also allows users to use conjunctions such as and_(), or_(), and not_() to build more complex filtering. For example, we can get a set of records for people in New York who are 21 or 37 years old with the following code:

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    select([census]).where(

    and_(census.columns.state == ‘New York’,

    or_(census.columns.age == 21,

    census.columns.age == 37

    )

    )

    )

    Overview of ordering

    Ordering by a single column

    To sort the result output by a field, we use the .order_by() method. By default, the .order_by() method sorts from lowest to highest on the supplied column.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Build a query to select the state column: stmt

    stmt = select([census.columns.state])

     

    # Order stmt by the state column

    stmt = stmt.order_by(census.columns.state)

     

    # Execute the query and store the results: results

    results = connection.execute(stmt).fetchall()

     

    # Print the first 10 results

    print(results[:10])

     

    # [(‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,), (‘Alabama’,)]

    Ordering in descending order by a single column

    You can also use .order_by() to sort from highest to lowest by wrapping a column in the desc() function. Although you haven’t seen this function in action, it generalizes what you have already learned.

    Pass desc() (for “descending”) inside an .order_by() with the name of the column you want to sort by. For instance, stmt.order_by(desc(table.columns.column_name)) sorts column_name in descending order.

    Ordering by multiple columns

    We can pass multiple arguments to the .order_by() method to order by multiple columns. In fact, we can also sort in ascending or descending order for each individual column.

    “Experience the power of our web development course with a free demo – enroll now!”

    Counting, summing and grouping data

    Counting distinct data

    SQLAlchemy’s func module provides access to built-in SQL functions that can make operations like counting and summing faster and more efficient.

    We can use func.sum() to get a sum of the pop2008 column of census as shown below:

    select([func.sum(census.columns.pop2008)])

    If instead you want to count the number of values in pop2008, you could use func.count() like this:

    select([func.count(census.columns.pop2008)])

    Furthermore, if you only want to count the distinct values of pop2008, you can use the .distinct() method:

    select([func.count(census.columns.pop2008.distinct())])

    Count of records by state

    Often, we want to get a count for each record with a particular value in another column. The .group_by() method helps answer this type of query. You can pass a column to the .group_by() method and use in an aggregate function like sum() or count(). Much like the .order_by() method, .group_by() can take multiple columns as arguments.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Import func

    from sqlalchemy import func

     

    # Build a query to select the state and count of ages by state: stmt

    stmt = select([census.columns.state, func.count(census.columns.age)])

     

    # Group stmt by state

    stmt = stmt.group_by(census.columns.state)

     

    # Execute the statement and store all the records: results

    results = connection.execute(stmt).fetchall()

     

    # Print results

    print(results)

     

    # Print the keys/column names of the results returned

    print(results[0].keys())

     

     

     

     

     

    [(‘Alabama’, 172), (‘Alaska’, 172), (‘Arizona’, 172), (‘Arkansas’, 172), (‘California’, 172),

    …

    (‘Wisconsin’, 172), (‘Wyoming’, 172)]

     

    [‘state’, ‘count_1’]

    Determining the population sum by state

    To avoid confusion with query result column names like count_1, we can use the .label() method to provide a name for the resulting column. This gets appended to the function method we are using, and its argument is the name we want to use.

    We can pair func.sum() with .group_by() to get a sum of the population by State and use the label() method to name the output.

    We can also create the func.sum() expression before using it in the select statement. We do it the same way we would inside the select statement and store it in a variable. Then we use that variable in the select statement where the func.sum() would normally be.

    “Get hands-on with our python course – sign up for a free demo!”

    Use pandas and matplotlib to visualize our data

    ResultsSets and pandas dataframes

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # import pandas

    import pandas as pd

     

    # Create a DataFrame from the results: df

    df = pd.DataFrame(results)

     

    # Set column names

    df.columns = results[0].keys()

     

    # Print the Dataframe

    print(df)

    Advanced SQLAlchemy Queries

    Calculating values in a query

    Connecting to a MySQL database

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Import create_engine function

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

     

    # Create an engine to the census database

    engine = create_engine(‘mysql+pymysql://username:password@courses.csrrinzqubik.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:3306/census’)

     

    # Print the table names

    print(engine.table_names())

     

    #  [‘census’, ‘state_fact’]

    Calculating a difference between two columns

    Often, you’ll need to perform math operations as part of a query, such as if you wanted to calculate the change in population from 2000 to 2008. For math operations on numbers, the operators in SQLAlchemy work the same way as they do in Python.

    You can use these operators to perform addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%) operations. Note: They behave differently when used with non-numeric column types.

    Let’s now find the top 5 states by population growth between 2000 and 2008.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    census.columns.keys()

    [‘state’, ‘sex’, ‘age’, ‘pop2000’, ‘pop2008’]

     

    connection.execute(select([census])).fetchmany(3)

    [(‘Illinois’, ‘M’, 0, 89600, 95012),

    (‘Illinois’, ‘M’, 1, 88445, 91829),

    (‘Illinois’, ‘M’, 2, 88729, 89547)]

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Build query to return state names by population difference from 2008 to 2000: stmt

    stmt = select([census.columns.state, (census.columns.pop2008–census.columns.pop2000).label(‘pop_change’)])

     

    # Append group by for the state: stmt_grouped

    stmt_grouped = stmt.group_by(census.columns.state)

     

    # Append order by for pop_change descendingly: stmt_ordered

    stmt_ordered = stmt_grouped.order_by(desc(‘pop_change’))

     

    # Return only 5 results: stmt_top5

    stmt_top5 = stmt_ordered.limit(5)

     

    # Use connection to execute stmt_top5 and fetch all results

    results = connection.execute(stmt_top5).fetchall()

     

    # Print the state and population change for each record

    for result in results:

    print(‘{}:{}’.format(result.state, result.pop_change))

     

     

     

     

     

     

    California:105705

    Florida:100984

    Texas:51901

    New York:47098

    Pennsylvania:42387

    “Ready to take your python skills to the next level? Sign up for a free demo today!”

    Determining the overall percentage of women

    It’s possible to combine functions and operators in a single select statement as well. These combinations can be exceptionally handy when we want to calculate percentages or averages, and we can also use the case() expression to operate on data that meets specific criteria while not affecting the query as a whole. The case() expression accepts a list of conditions to match and the column to return if the condition matches, followed by an else_ if none of the conditions match. We can wrap this entire expression in any function or math operation we like.

    SQL relationships

    Automatic joins with an established relationship

    If you have two tables that already have an established relationship, you can automatically use that relationship by just adding the columns we want from each table to the select statement. Recall that Jason constructed the following query:

    stmt = select([census.columns.pop2008, state_fact.columns.abbreviation])

    In order to join the census and state_fact tables and select the pop2008 column from the first and the abbreviation column from the second. In this case, the census and state_fact tables had a pre-defined relationship: the state column of the former corresponded to the name column of the latter.

    Joins

    If you aren’t selecting columns from both tables or the two tables don’t have a defined relationship, you can still use the .join() method on a table to join it with another table and get extra data related to our query.

    The join() takes the table object you want to join in as the first argument and a condition that indicates how the tables are related to the second argument.

    Finally, you use the .select_from() method on the select statement to wrap the join clause.

    For example, the following code joins the census table to the state_fact table such that the state column of the census table corresponded to the name column of the state_fact table.

     

     

     

     

    stmt = stmt.select_from(

    census.join(

    state_fact, census.columns.state ==

    state_fact.columns.name)

    More practice with joins

    You can use the same select statement you built in the last exercise, however, let’s add a twist and only return a few columns and use the other table in a group_by() clause.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    stmt = select([

    census.columns.state,

    func.sum(census.columns.pop2008),

    state_fact.columns.census_division_name

    ])

     

    connection.execute(stmt).fetchmany(3)

    # [(‘Texas’, 15446707263, ‘South Atlantic’)]

    “Experience the power of our web development course with a free demo – enroll now!”

    Working with hierarchical tables

    Using alias to handle same table joined queries

    Often, you’ll have tables that contain hierarchical data, such as employees and managers who are also employees. For this reason, you may wish to join a table to itself on different columns. The .alias() method, which creates a copy of a table, helps accomplish this task. Because it’s the same table, you only need a where clause to specify the join condition.

    Here, you’ll use the .alias() method to build a query to join the employees table against itself to determine to whom everyone reports.

     

     

     

     

     

    employees.columns.keys()

    # [‘id’, ‘name’, ‘job’, ‘mgr’, ‘hiredate’, ‘sal’, ‘comm’, ‘dept’]

     

    connection.execute(select([employees.columns.name, employees.columns.mgr])).fetchmany(5)

    # [(‘JOHNSON’, 6), (‘HARDING’, 9), (‘TAFT’, 2), (‘HOOVER’, 2), (‘LINCOLN’, 6)]

     Leveraging functions and group_bys with hierarchical data

    It’s also common to want to roll up data which is in a hierarchical table. Rolling up data requires making sure you’re careful which alias you use to perform the group_bys and which table you use for the function.

    Dealing with large ResultSets

    Working on blocks of records

    Sometimes you may have the need to work on a large ResultProxy, and you may not have the memory to load all the results at once.
    To work around that issue, you can get blocks of rows from the ResultProxy by using the .fetchmany() method inside a loop. With .fetchmany(), give it an argument of the number of records you want. When you reach an empty list, there are no more rows left to fetch, and you have processed all the results of the query.
    Then you need to use the .close() method to close out the connection to the database.

    Creating and Manipulating your own Databases

    Creating databases and tables

    Creating tables with SQLAlchemy

    Previously, you used the Table object to reflect a table from an existing database, but what if you wanted to create a new table? You’d still use the Table object; however, you’d need to replace the autoload and autoload_with parameters with Column objects.

    The Column object takes a name, a SQLAlchemy type with an optional format, and optional keyword arguments for different constraints.

    When defining the table, recall how in the video Jason passed in 255 as the maximum length of a String by using Column(‘name’, String(255)). Checking out the slides from the video may help: you can download them by clicking on ‘Slides’ next to the IPython Shell.

    After defining the table, you can create the table in the database by using the .create_all() method on metadata and supplying the engine as the only parameter. Go for it!

     

     

     

     

     

    metadata

    MetaData(bind=None)

     

    engine

    Engine(sqlite:///:memory:)

    Constraints and data defaults

    You’re now going to practice creating a table with some constraints! Often, you’ll need to make sure that a column is unique, nullable, a positive value, or related to a column in another table. This is where constraints come in.

    You can also set a default value for the column if no data is passed to it via the default keyword on the column.

    Inserting data into a table

    Inserting a single row

    There are several ways to perform an insert with SQLAlchemy; however, we are going to focus on the one that follows the same pattern as the select statement.

    It uses an insert statement where you specify the table as an argument, and supply the data you wish to insert into the value via the .values() method as keyword arguments

    Inserting multiple records at once

    When inserting multiple records at once, you do not use the .values() method. Instead, you’ll want to first build a list of dictionaries that represents the data you want to insert, with keys being the names of the columns.

    In the .execute() method, you can pair this list of dictionaries with an insert statement, which will insert all the records in your list of dictionaries.

    Loading a CSV into a table

    One way to do that would be to read a CSV file line by line, create a dictionary from each line, and then use insert(), like you did in the previous exercise.

    But there is a faster way using pandas. You can read a CSV file into a DataFrame using the read_csv() function (this function should be familiar to you, but you can run help(pd.read_csv) in the console to refresh your memory!). Then, you can call the .to_sql() method on the DataFrame to load it into a SQL table in a database. The columns of the DataFrame should match the columns of the SQL table.

    “Get hands-on with our python course – sign up for a free demo!”

    .to_sql() has many parameters, but in this exercise we will use the following:

    • nameis the name of the SQL table (as a string).
    • conis the connection to the database that you will use to upload the data.
    • if_existsspecifies how to behave if the table already exists in the database; possible values are “fail”, “replace”, and “append”.
    • index(True or False) specifies whether to write the DataFrame’s index as a column.
     

     

    connection

    <sqlalchemy.engine.base.Connection at 0x7feca8d64e10>

     

     

    # append the data from census_df to the “census” table via connection

    census_df.to_sql(name=‘census’, con=connection, if_exists=‘append’, index=False)

    Updating data in a database

    Updating individual records

    The update statement is very similar to an insert statement. For example, you can update all wages in the employees table as follows:

    stmt = update(employees).values(wage=100.00)

    The update statement also typically uses a where clause to help us determine what data to update. For example, to only update the record for the employee with ID 15, you would append the previous statement as follows:

     Updating multiple records

    By using a where clause that selects more records, you can update multiple records at once.

    Unlike inserting, updating multiple records works exactly the same way as updating a single record (as long as you are updating them with the same value).

    Correlated updates

    You can also update records with data from a select statement. This is called a correlated update. It works by defining a select statement that returns the value you want to update the record with and assigning that select statement as the value in update.

    Removing data from a database

    Deleting all the records from a table

    Often, you’ll need to empty a table of all of its records so you can reload the data. You can do this with a delete statement with just the table as an argument. For example, delete the table extra_employees by executing as follows:

     

     

    delete_stmt = delete(extra_employees)

    result_proxy = connection.execute(delete_stmt)

    Deleting specific records

    By using a where() clause, you can target the delete statement to remove only certain records. For example, delete all rows from the employees table that had id 3 with the following delete statement:

    delete(employees).where(employees.columns.id == 3)

    Deleting a table completely

    You’re now going to practice dropping individual tables from a database with the .drop() method, as well as all tables in a database with the .drop_all() method!

    Do be careful when deleting tables, as it’s not simple or fast to restore large databases!

    Remember, you can check to see if a table exists on an engine with the .exists(engine) method.

    Grab the opportunity to learn Python with Entri! Click Here

    🚀 Start Coding Today! Enroll Now with Easy EMI Options. 💳✨

    Gain expertise in Django and open doors to lucrative opportunities in web development.

    Start Learning With EMI Payment Options

    Putting it all together

    Census case study

    Setup the engine and metadata

    In this exercise, your job is to create an engine to the database that will be used in this chapter. Then, you need to initialize its metadata.

    Recall how you did this by leveraging create_engine() and MetaData().

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    # Import create_engine, MetaData

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData

     

    # Define an engine to connect to chapter5.sqlite: engine

    engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///chapter5.sqlite’)

     

    # Initialize MetaData: metadata

    metadata = MetaData()

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    engine

    # Engine(sqlite:///chapter5.sqlite)

     

    type(engine)

    # sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine

     

    metadata

    # MetaData(bind=None)

     

    type(metadata)

    # sqlalchemy.sql.schema.MetaData

    Create the table to the database

    Having setup the engine and initialized the metadata, you will now define the census table object and then create it in the database using the metadata and engine.

    To create it in the database, you will have to use the .create_all() method on the metadata with engine as the argument.

    When creating columns of type String(), it’s important to spend some time thinking about what their maximum lengths should be.

    Python and Machine Learning Rectangle

    “YOU DON’T HAVE TO BE GREAT TO START, BUT YOU HAVE TO START TO BE GREAT.”

    Related Articles

    A Step-by-Step Guide for Getting a Job as a Python Developer Why Python Is Used For Data Science?
    Guide for getting a job as a Python Developer Python Advanced Interview Questions and Answers
    Best Online Python Course with Certificate What is Type Conversion in Python?
    Share62SendShare

    Ayesha Surayya

    Related Posts

    Why Is It Important to Have an Extra Source of Income
    Articles

    Why Is It Important to Have an Extra Source of Income?

    July 19, 2025
    Top Automation Tools Manual Testers Should Master
    Articles

    Top Automation Tools Manual Testers Should Master

    July 19, 2025
    Manual Tester to Automation Tester Skills You Must Learn
    Articles

    Manual Tester to Automation Tester: Skills You Must Learn

    July 19, 2025
    Next Post
    Tips to Improve Your Conversational English

    Tips to Improve Your Conversational English

    More to Explore

    1. Future of Python Developers
    2. Python Online Course with 100% Placement
    3. Steps To Code A Video Conferencing App Using Python
    4. Python Advanced Interview Questions and Answers
    5. Introduction to Data Visualization in Python
    6. Python developer – Skills, Courses, Job Roles
    7. Python Developer Salary in India
    8. Method Overloading in Python

    Practice Programs

    1. Program for Finding Factorial of a Number in Python
    2. Python Program to Convert Decimal to Binary Number
    3. Python Program for Fibonacci Series
    4. Prime Number Program in Python
    5. Python Program to Check Armstrong Number

    Python Training in Different Cities

    1. Python Training in Kochi
    2. Python Training in Trivandrum
    3. Python Training in Calicut

    Free Tutorials For You

    1. SQL Tutorial for Beginners PDF
    2. Python Tutorial for Beginners in Hindi
    3. GIT and GITHUB Tutorial for Beginners in Hindi
    4. HTML Exercises to Practice
    5. JavaScript Tutorial in Tamil
    6. DSA Practice Series
    7. Microsoft Excel Malayalam Tutorial
    8. Learn Bootstrap in Tamil
    9. Introduction to CSS in Malayalam
    10. Introduction to JavaScript in Malayalam
    11. Java Programming Notes PDF
    12. Introduction to HTML in Malayalam

    Courses

    • Data Science Course
    • Full Stack Developer Course
    • Software Testing Course
    • Data Science Course in Malayalam
    • Full Stack Developer Course in Malayalam
    • Full Stack Developer Course in Hindi
    • Full Stack Developer Course in Tamil
    • Full Stack Developer Course in Telugu
    • Full Stack Developer Course in Kannada
    • Python Programming Course
    • Practical Accounting Course
    • Structural Design Course
    • Quantity Surveying Course
    • Embedded Systems Course in Kerala
    • BIM Course
    • MEP Course
    • MEP QS Course
    • Stock Market Course
    • Stock Market Course in Malayalam
    • Stock Market Course in Tamil
    • Stock Market Course in Kannada
    • Forex Trading Course
    • Mutual Funds Course in Kerala
    • Mutual Funds Course in Tamil
    • PwC Edge : Strategic Accounting and Finance Programme
    • SAP FICO Training
    • SAP MM Training
    • SAP SD Training
    • ACCA Online Course
    • HR Management Course

    Company

    • Become a teacher
    • Login to Entri Web

    Spoken English Courses

    • Spoken English Course
    • Spoken English Course in Malayalam
    • Spoken English Course in Hindi
    • Spoken English Course in Tamil
    • Spoken English Course in Telugu
    • Spoken English Course in Kannada
    • Spoken English Course for Housewives
    • Spoken English Course for Working Professionals
    • Spoken English Course for School Students
    • Spoken English Course for College Students
    • Spoken English Course for Job Seekers
    • AI Powered Spoken English Course

    Quick Links

    • Explore Free Courses
    • Aptitude Questions
    • Articles
    • Videos
    • Entri Daily Quiz Practice
    • Current Affairs & GK
    • News Capsule – eBook
    • Preparation Tips
    • Kerala PSC Gold
    • Entri Skilling
    • Kerala PSC

    Other Courses

    • OET Coaching Classes
    • DHA Course
    • Nurse Recruitment Abroad
    • Montessori Teachers Training
    • Performance Marketing Course
    • German Language Course
    • Yoga Teacher Training Course
    • Digital Marketing Course
    • Options Trading Course
    • German Language A1 Course
    • German Language A2 Course
    • German Language B1 Course
    • German Language B2 Course
    • Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education
    • Hospital and Healthcare Administration
    • Business Administration & Hospital Management
    • Hospital and Healthcare Administration

    Popular Exam

    • IBPS Exam
    • SBI Exam
    • Railway RRB Exam
    • Kerala PSC
    • Tamil Nadu PSC
    • Telangana PSC
    • Andhra Pradesh PSC
    • MPPSC
    • UPPSC
    • Karnataka PSC
    • Staff Selection Commission Exam
    • GATE

    © 2023 Entri.app - Privacy Policy | Terms of Service

    No Result
    View All Result
    • Kerala PSC
      • Kerala PSC General
        • Kerala PSC Exams
        • KAS Exam
        • Kerala PSC VEO Notification
        • Kerala Police SI
        • Kerala PSC LDC Notification
        • Kerala PSC Village Field Assistant Notification
        • Kerala PSC LD Typist Notification
        • Kerala PSC Food Safety Officer
        • Kerala PSC Excise Inspector Notification
        • Kerala PSC BDO Notification
        • Kerala PSC CPO Notification
        • Kerala PSC LGS Notification
        • Fire and Rescue Officer
        • Women Fire and Rescue Officer
      • Kerala PSC Teaching
        • Kerala PSC HSA
        • Kerala PSC HSST
        • KTET
        • LP/UP Assistant
        • KVS
        • Railway Teacher
      • Kerala PSC Technical
        • LSGD AE
        • Draftsman/Overseer
        • IEO
        • ATP
        • Polytechnic Lecturer
        • AE Electronics
        • Assistant Engineer
    • Banking
      • IBPS PO Notification
      • IBPS Clerk Notification
      • SBI PO Notification
      • SBI Clerk Notification
      • SBI SO Notification
      • SBI Apprentice Notification
      • Canara Bank PO Notification
      • Indian Bank PO Notification
      • RBI Assistant Notification
      • RBI Office Attendant Notification
      • IBPS RRB Notification
      • IBPS RRB Office Assistant Notification
    • Skilling
      • Coding
      • Spoken English
      • Stock Market
        • Share Market Today News
        • Share Market Analysis
      • Digital Marketing
      • Accounting Course
      • SAP
      • OET
      • German
      • IELTS
      • Quantity Survey
      • MEP
      • Structural Design
      • Montessori
      • Yoga Teaching
      • Oil and Gas
    • Courses
      • Data Science Course
        • Data Science Malayalam
        • Data Science Course in Tamil
        • Data Science Course in Telugu
        • Data Science Training in Kochi
        • Data Science Training in Trivandrum
        • Data Science Course in Calicut
        • Data Science Training in Thrissur
      • Data Analytics Course
        • Data Analytics Course in Malayalam
        • Data Analytics Course in Tamil
        • Data Analytics Course in Telugu
      • BIM Course in Kerala
      • Quantity Surveying Course
        • Quantity Surveyor Course in Tamil
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Telugu
        • Quantity Surveyor Course in Hyderabad
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Chennai
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Vijayawada
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Guntur
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Warangal
        • Quantity Surveying Course in Karimnagar
      • Structural Design Course
        • Steel Structure Design Course
        • RCC Design Course
      • MEP Course
        • MEP Quantity Surveying Course
        • MEP Design Course in Kerala
        • HVAC Course
        • MEP Course in Kochi
      • Embedded System Course
      • Full Stack Developer Course
        • Full Stack Development Malayalam
        • Full Stack Development Hindi
        • Full Stack Development Tamil
        • Full Stack Development Telugu
        • Full Stack Development Kannada
      • Stock Market Course
        • Stock Market Course in Malayalam
        • Stock Market Course in Tamil
        • Stock Market Course in Kannada
        • Options Trading Course
      • Mutual Funds Course in Kerala
      • Mutual Funds Course in Tamil
      • Forex Trading Course
      • Spoken English Course
        • Spoken English Course in Malayalam
        • Spoken English Course in Hindi
        • Spoken English Course in Telugu
        • Spoken English Course in Tamil
        • Spoken English Course in Kannada
      • Python Programming Course
      • AI Powered Flutter
      • Ui Ux Designer Course
      • Software Testing Course
        • Software Testing Course in Malayalam
        • Software Testing Course in Tamil
        • Software Testing Course in Telugu
      • AWS Solutions Architect Associate Course
      • PwC Edge : Strategic Accounting and Finance Programme
      • Practical Accounting Course
        • Accounting Course in Malayalam
        • Accounting Course in Tamil
        • Tally Course
        • Taxation Course
        • UAE Accounting
        • GST Course
        • Zoho Books Training
        • GST Practitioner Course in Kerala
        • GCC VAT Course
      • ACCA Training Online
        • ACCA Course in Kerala
      • SAP Training Courses
        • SAP FICO Course
        • SAP MM Course
        • SAP SD Training
        • SAP FICO Course in Tamil
        • SAP MM Course in Tamil
      • HR Management Course
      • Performance Marketing Course
      • Mern Stack Developer Course
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Kochi
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Trivandrum
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Calicut
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Pune
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Bangalore
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Hyderabad
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Chennai
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Indore
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Jaipur
        • Full Stack Developer Course in Coimbatore
      • Digital Marketing Training
        • Digital Marketing Course in Kochi
        • Digital Marketing Course in Trivandrum
        • Digital Marketing Course in Calicut
        • Digital Marketing Course in Kollam
        • Digital Marketing Course in Thrissur
        • Digital Marketing Course in Kottayam
        • Digital Marketing Course in Kannur
      • Montessori Teacher Training
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Calicut
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Kochi, Ernakulam
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Trivandrum
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Kollam
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Malayalam
        • Montessori Teacher Training in Kannada
      • Other Courses
        • German Language Course
        • OET Coaching
        • DHA Course
        • MOH Exam Coaching
        • Nurses Recruitment Abroad
        • FMGE Coaching
        • ChatGPT Course
        • Forex Trading Course
        • Yoga Teacher Training Course
        • Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education
        • Business Administration & Hospital Management Course
        • Hospital and Healthcare Administration
        • AI for Teachers Course
    • Others
      • Railway
        • RRB Technician Notification
        • RRB JE Notification
        • RRB ALP Notification
        • RRB NTPC Notification
        • RRB RPF Notification
        • RRB RPF SI Notification
        • RRB RPF Constable Notification
        • RRB Group D Notification
        • RRB RPSF SI Notification
        • RRB SSE Notification
      • SSC
        • SSC CPO Notification
        • SSC MTS Notification
        • SSC CGL Notification
        • SSC CHSL Notification
        • SSC GD Constable Notification
        • SSC Stenographer Notification
        • SSC JE Notification
        • SSC CAPF Notification
        • SSC JHT Notification
        • Delhi Police Constable Notification
        • Delhi Police SI Notification
      • GATE
      • MAT
      • KMAT
        • KMAT Kerala 2024
      • TET
        • APTET
        • CTET
        • DSSSB
        • Karnataka TET
        • Kerala TET
        • KVS
        • MPTET
        • SUPER TET
        • TNTET
        • TSTET
        • UPTET
      • UPSC
        • UPSC CAPF Notification
        • UPSC CDS Notification
        • UPSC NDA Notification
        • UPSC Civil service Notification
    • Free Learn
      • Free Courses
        • Free Coding Courses
        • Free Accounting Courses
        • Free Digital Marketing Courses
        • Engineering Upskilling Courses
        • Free Hospital Administration Courses
        • Free OET Training
        • Free SAP Courses
        • Free German Courses
        • Free IELTS Courses
        • Free Teachers Training Courses
        • Free Trading Courses
      • Question Answer
      • Aptitude Questions
      • Webinars
    • Test Prep
      • Kerala PSC Coaching
        • KPSC Degree Level Exam Preparation
        • Kerala PSC 12th Level Exam Preparation
        • Kerala PSC 10th Level Exam Preparation
        • KAS Coaching
        • Kerala PSC LDC Coaching
        • Kerala PSC LD Typist Coaching
        • Kerala PSC Fireman Coaching
        • KSFE Assistant Exam Preparation
        • Secretariat Office Attendant Coaching
        • Secretariat Assistant Coaching
        • Kerala PSC SI Exam Coaching
        • Khadi Board LDC Exam Preparation
        • Devaswom Board LDC Coaching
        • University LGS Exam Preparation
        • University Assistant Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Scientific Officer Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Probation Officer Grade II
        • KPSC Food Safety Officer Coaching
        • KWA Sanitary Chemist Coaching
        • KPSC Diary Farm Instructor Exam Coaching
        • Kerala PSC KWA Lab Assistant Exam Coaching
        • Kerala PSC ICDS Supervisor Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Finger Print Searcher Coaching
        • Kerala PSC Welfare Officer Gr. II Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Assistant Dental Surgeon Coaching
      • KPSC Teaching Exams
        • HSA Exam Preparation
        • KPSC HSA Social Science Coaching
        • KPSC HSA Physical Science Coaching
        • KPSC HSA English Coaching
        • KPSC Junior Language Teacher Hindi
        • KTET Coaching
        • SET Coaching
        • LP/UP Assistant Exam Coaching
        • HSST Exam Preparation
        • HSST Commerce Exam Coaching
        • Kerala PSC Lecturer in Diet Coaching
        • KVS PGT/TGT Coaching
      • Kerala PSC Technical Exams Coaching
        • Assistant Engineer Electrical Exam Coaching
        • Assistant Engineer Electronics Coaching
        • Assistant Engineer Mechanical Coaching
        • Kerala PSC Industries Extension Officer Coaching
        • KPSC LSGD AE Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Civil Engineering Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Mechanical Engineering Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Electrical Engineering Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Electronics Engineering Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Technical Computer Science Coaching
        • KPSC Tradesman Turning Coaching
        • Kerala PSC Overseer Exam Coaching
        • KPSC Assistant Town Planner Coaching
        • Lecturer in Polytechnic Electronics Coaching
      • Teaching Exams Coaching
        • CSIR NET Exam Coaching
        • EMRS Coaching
        • CTET Exam Online Coaching
      • IELTS Training Online
      • Bank Exam Coaching Online
        • SEBI Grade A Coaching
        • IBPS SO Online Coaching
        • IBPSC PO Online Coaching
        • IBPSC Clerk Online Coaching
        • SBI PO Coaching
        • SBI Clerk Online Coaching
        • SBI Apprentice Class
        • SBI SO Online Coaching
        • RBI Grade B Coaching
        • RBI Assistant Coaching
        • CSEB Exam Coaching
        • IBPS RRB Coaching
        • IBPS RRB PO Coaching
        • Canara Bank Po Exam Coaching
        • Kerala Gramin Bank Coaching
        • Kerala Bank Exam Coaching
        • JCI Exam Coaching
        • NABARD Grade A Coaching
        • LIC AAO Coaching Online
      • UPSC Online Coaching
        • UPSC CAPF Online Coaching
      • SSC Online Coaching
        • SSC JE Online Coaching
        • SSC CGL Coaching
        • SSC CGL AAO Coaching
        • SSC CHSL Coaching
        • SSC CGL CBI Inspector Coaching
        • SSC MTS Coaching
        • SSC Stenographer Coaching
        • SSC GD Online Coaching
      • RRB Exams Coaching
        • RRB RPF Exam Coaching
        • RRB NTPC Exam Coaching
        • RRB JE Online Coaching
        • RRB JE Electronics Coaching
        • RRB ALP Exam Coaching
        • RRB Technician Exam Coaching
      • CAT Online Coaching
      • CMAT Online Coaching
      • XAT Exam Coaching
      • GATE Online Coaching
        • GATE CE Online Coaching
        • GATE ME Online Coaching
        • GATE EE Online Coaching
      • NMAT Exam Coaching
        • AAI ATC Jr Executive Coaching
      • Cochin Shipyard Executive Trainee Coaching
      • BEL Probationary Engineer Coaching
      • HPCL Junior Executive Coaching

    © 2023 Entri.app - Privacy Policy | Terms of Service

    Chat